public international law // computational analysis

Niccolò. Ridi

International lawyer & computational researcher — international law, at scale.

niccolo@website — zsh

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Writings, datasets, and code on international adjudication, judicial reasoning, and computational law — the authority and effectiveness of international law, and how it is produced, used, and undergoes change. Full list on Google Scholar. PhD inquiries with innovative projects welcome.

Niccolò Ridi, Precedent in International Adjudication (Oxford University Press, forthcoming)
Thomas Schultz, Jason Mitchenson & Niccolò Ridi, The Principle of Comity in Public and Private International Law (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming)
The Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of the Law of International Organizations (Edward Elgar, forthcoming) (edited with Lorenzo Gasbarri and Christiane Ahlborn)
Theorizing Procedure in International Adjudication (edited with Juliette McIntyre) Proposal stage
'GenAI as an International Lawyer: A Case Study with the Jessup International Law Moot Court' (2025) (with Damien Charlotin) SSRN Working paper · Top Ten in Legal Scholarship, Political Science & Computer Science Research Networks
'Instrumentalized Migration and Jurisdictional Challenges: Lithuania v. Belarus at the ICJ', EJIL: Talk! (2025) (with Matina Papadaki)
'Peace Palace Papers, Please' (2025). Python code to download and OCR the entire body of case law, pleadings, and hearing transcripts of the International Court of Justice. Colab
'Headnote Harvester' (2025). A PDF processing and legal Q&A pipeline employing Mistral OCR and Google Gemini to extract key legal concepts and generate cited summaries (headnotes).
'SHABT.ai' (2025). Semantic Hyperdimensional Analysis of Bench Texts AI — a chatbot to query the jurisprudence of the ICJ based on data generated with Headnote Harvester.
'Res Judicata and Time', in Andrea Gattini (ed), Time and International Litigation (Brill 2024) SSRN
'Distantly Reading the Recueil des cours: A Quantitative Analysis of the Hague Academy Collected Courses' (2024) European Journal of International Law 247–262 (with Thomas Schultz)
'The Use of Scholarship by the European Court of Human Rights' (2024) International and Comparative Law Quarterly (with Kanstantsin Dzehtsiarou)
'Tracing the Footprints of International Law Ideas' (2024) 64(2) Virginia Journal of International Law 405–446 (with Thomas Schultz) SSRN
'The Use of Authorities by International Courts and Tribunals', in Joanna Gomula & Stephan Wittich (eds), Research Handbook of International Procedural Law (Elgar 2024)
'Judicial Comity', in Hélène Ruiz Fabri (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (OUP 2024)
'Judicial Decisions — Article 38(1)(d) ICJ Statute', Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (2024)
Seán Fobbe, Lorenzo Gasbarri & Niccolò Ridi, 'Corpus of Resolutions: UN Security Council (CR-UNSC)' (2024) Zenodo
Seán Fobbe, Lorenzo Gasbarri & Niccolò Ridi, 'Words of Power: Introducing a Comprehensive Corpus of UN Security Council Resolutions' (2024) Zenodo
'ECHR Peerless Pleading Purveyor' (2024). Python code to download and transcribe webcasts of hearings before the European Court of Human Rights. Colab
'IACtHR Listener' (2024). Python code to download and process decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Colab
'UNCITRAL Listener' (2024). Python code to download, transcribe, and process audio recordings of UNCITRAL meetings. Colab
'The Purloined PDF' (2024). A converter and RAG pipeline to extract text from PDF files and optimise it for use with large language models. Colab
'ICJ Digest Generator' (2024). Python code generating a digest of the jurisprudence of the ICJ through citation mining and large language models. Colab
'Dr. Ridi’s Fabled Pleading Parser' (2024). A versatile document analysis tool utilising various LLM APIs (OpenAI, Gemini, Claude) and local models to analyse legal pleadings.
'Generative AI and the Law: A Series of Lecture Tutorials' (2024). Interactive Colaboratory notebooks covering LLM fundamentals, prompt engineering, customising AI for legal tasks, and adversarial prompt techniques.
'The Role of Previous Resolutions in the Practice of the Security Council' (2023) 61(3) Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 571 (with Lorenzo Gasbarri) SSRN
'Book Review: Rossana Deplano, Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on International Law' (2023) Australian Year Book of International Law
'Academic Scribe' (2023). Python code to transcribe and refine lecture recordings using OpenAI Whisper and large language models. Colab
'Authority-Based Argument Miner' (2023). Python code to identify cited scholarship and case law in pleadings before international judicial bodies. Colab Companion code to Ridi & Schultz, 'Tracing the Footprints'
'Sanctioning to Change State Behaviour' (2022) 13(2) Journal of International Dispute Settlement 210 (with Veronika Fikfak) SSRN
'Layers of Preclusion: Res judicata Issues in Victor Pey Casado v Chile' (2022) ICSID Review SSRN
'GATT Article XX(d)', in Peter-Tobias Stoll & Holger P. Hestermeyer (eds), Commentaries on World Trade Law (Brill 2022)
'Book Review: Jan Paulsson, The Unruly Notion of Abuse of Rights' (2022) European Journal of International Law
'Rule of Precedent and Rules on Precedent', in Eric de Brabandere (ed), International Procedure in Interstate Litigation and Arbitration (CUP 2021) SSRN Cited in ILC, First Report on Subsidiary Means (A/CN.4/760)
Evidence to the UK Parliament Lords Select Committee on International Relations and Defence, 'UNCLOS: Fit for Purpose in the 21st Century?' (2021) (with Massimo Fabio Lando)
'United States — Anti-Dumping Measures (Softwood Lumber from Canada)' (2020) 114 American Journal of International Law 735 SSRN
'Empirically Mapping Investment Arbitration Scholarship', in Katia Fach Gomez (ed), Private Actors in International Investment Law (Springer 2020) 209 (with Thomas Schultz) SSRN
'Arbitration Literature', in Thomas Schultz & Federico Ortino (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Arbitration (OUP 2020) 1 (with Thomas Schultz) SSRN
'Mapping the “Invisible College of International Lawyers” through Obituaries' (2020) 34(1) Leiden Journal of International Law (with Luíza Leão Soares Pereira) SSRN
'Approaches to External Precedent', in Behn, Langford & Gáspár-Szilágyi (eds), Adjudicating Trade and Investment Law (CUP 2020)
'How Comity Makes Transnationalism Work', in Peer Zumbansen (ed), The Many Lives of Transnational Law (CUP 2020) 88–102 (with Thomas Schultz) SSRN
'The Shape and Structure of the “Usable Past”' (2019) 10 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 200 SSRN Runner-up, James Crawford Prize
'“Mirages of an Intellectual Dreamland”? Ratio, Obiter and the Textualization of International Precedent' (2019) 10 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 361 SSRN
'Precarious Finality? Reflections on Res Judicata' (2018) Leiden Journal of International Law 383 SSRN
'Comity in US Courts' (2018) 10(1) Northeastern University Law Review 281 (with Thomas Schultz) SSRN
'Comity and International Courts and Tribunals' (2017) 50 Cornell International Law Journal 577 (with Thomas Schultz) SSRN
'Comity: The Narrative and Influence of a Core American Concept' (2017) Yearbook of Private International Law (with Thomas Schultz) SSRN
'Militias', in Grote, Lachenmann & Wolfrum (eds), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law (2017)
'Book Review: Vadi, Analogies in International Investment Law and Arbitration' (2017) British Yearbook of International Law 222 SSRN
'The Last Page: Public International Law Limericks' (2016) European Journal of International Law (with Sondre Torp Helmersen) SSRN
'Book Review: Hindelang and Krajewski (eds), Shifting Paradigms in International Investment Law' (2016) European Journal of International Law 545 SSRN
'Book Review: Bianchi, Peat, and Windsor (eds), Interpretation in International Law' (2016) King’s Law Journal SSRN
'The Mediterranean Migrants Crisis and the Use of Force' (2015) Opinio Juris (with Sondre Torp Helmersen)
'All the Reasons Europe’s Plan to Attack Migrant Boats Is a Bad Idea' (2015) Quartz (with Sondre Torp Helmersen)
'Overview: Human Rights Law' (2014) 3(1) Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law 286
'The Exercise of Diplomatic Protection on Behalf of Refugees', in Vasilka Sancin & Maša Kovič Dine (eds), Responsibility to Protect in Theory and Practice (GV Založba 2013) 653
Paolo Caretti et al., L’iniziativa legislativa popolare in prospettiva comparata, Report (Library of the Italian Senate)